2nd Quarter Dictionary Project & Terms
Introduced and explained project on Tuesday, November 28
Final Project due = Wednesday, January 10 (31 total terms) Project checks will be given on... -December 8 (first 13 terms due) -December 20 (20 total terms due) -January 5 (26 total terms due) |
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Atmosphere & Air Quality Section
Water Cycle & Precipitation Section
Air Masses, Fronts & Severe Weather Section
- Air Pressure: the force exerted by air, whether compressed or unconfined, on any surface in contact with it.
- Altitude: the height of anything above a reference level, especially above sea level on earth
- Temperature: A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to some standard value.
- Atmosphere: A thin layer of air or gases surrounding the Earth; made of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor, & Carbon Dioxide.
- Composition: The combining of distinct parts or elements to form a whole. The manner in which such parts are combined or related
- Density: Density is mass divided by volume. It is the measure how much mass there is per volume
- Ozone: a form of oxygen, O3, It is found in the troposphere after a thunderstorm or during periods of high temperature (harmful in this layer).
- Ozone Layer: a layer of O3 in the upper atmosphere; it absorbs ultraviolet rays, thereby preventing them from reaching the surface of the earth.
- Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat near Earth’s surface by greenhouse gases (Carbon Dioxide, Methane) that form a “blanket” around the Earth
- Pollution: a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects to the environment
- Smog: fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants.
- Environmental Protection Agency: an agency of the United States federal government whose mission is to protect human and environmental health.
- Environmental Steward: someone who protects the environment through recycling, conservation, regeneration, and restoration.
Water Cycle & Precipitation Section
- Condensation: the process of condensing, occurs when water vapor changes to liquid water. This process occurs in clouds.
- Evaporation: Water moves from the surface of Earth to the atmosphere
- Precipitation (rain, sleet, freezing rain, snow): When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth.
- Transpiration: Leaves have special openings, or pores, on them that let water exit to the surface of the leaf.
- Runoff: precipitation runs directly into streams or rivers. Water that collects in rivers streams, and oceans is called runoff
- Infiltration: the process by which precipitation or water soaks into subsurface soils and moves into rocks through cracks and pore spaces.
- Groundwater: water that sinks though the soil and eventually through the bedrock of Earth’s crust
Air Masses, Fronts & Severe Weather Section
- Air Mass- A huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity and air pressure.
- Front- A boundary where two air masses meet
- Cold Front - occurs when cold air comes in and displaces warmer air that exists. They move quickly and cause fast weather changes.
- Warm Front - occur when a warm air mass climbs over a cold air mass. Warm fronts move slowly.
- Stationary Front - two air masses exist along a boundary but neither of them is moving. Precipitation forms at the point where they meet.
- Occluded Front - Formed when two cold air masses, cut off and lift up a warm air mass. Forms clouds and possibly precipitation
- Low Pressure System (Cyclones) - A swirling center of low pressure air which forms at frontal boundaries and brings clouds, winds and precipitation.
- High Pressure System (Anticyclones) - High pressure centers of dry air that are formed at frontal boundaries and is associated with dry, clear weather.
- Thunderstorm – can form when warm air is forced rapidly upwards along a cold front; can create heavy rains/hail, thunder/lightening, strong winds
- Hurricane - Hurricanes form around low pressure systems over warm ocean water. As the area grows in size and in strength it forms a tropical storm followed by a Hurricane if it continues to grow.
- Tornado - Form when a warm humid air mass meets a dry cold air mass – warm air is forced upwards along a cold front to produce several thunderstorms which can turn into tornadoes.
1st Quarter Dictionary Project & Terms
Introduced and explained project Tuesday, September 12
Project checks will be given on... - September 22 (first 15 terms due) - September 29 (21 TOTAL terms due) - October 6 (28 TOTAL terms due) - October 13 (34 TOTAL terms due) - October 20 (40 TOTAL terms due) FINAL PROJECT DUE - WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 25 (46 TOTAL terms due) There will be approximately 50 terms in the dictionary by the end of 1st quarter! DON'T PROCRASTINATE!!! :-) |
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Recognizing Motion Section
- Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
- Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Acceleration depends on the object’s mass and on the net force acting on the object. F= M x A (Force = Mass x Acceleration)
- Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Inertia: The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion. Also known as Newton’s 1st law of motion.
- Motion: A change in position
- Reference Point: Is a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion.
- Acceleration: The rate at which velocity changes.
- Speed: The distance an object travels per unit of time.
- Constant Speed: Speed does not increase or decrease but remains fixed over time.
- Velocity: Speed in a given direction.
- Direction: The line or course on which something is moving or is aimed to move or along which something is pointing or facing.
- Position: The point or area occupied by a physical object.
- Distance: The degree or amount of separation between two points.
- Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching.
- Gravity: the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass.
Balanced & Unbalanced Forces Section
- Force: a push or pull acting on an object. Forces act in pairs.
- Balanced Force: When the net force on an object is zero. There will be no change in the motion of the object. The object is either at rest or maintaining at a constant speed.
- Unbalanced Force: When the net force on an object is greater than zero. There will be a change in the motion of the object. An object at rest will begin to move, while an object already moving will change its speed and or direction.
- Magnetic Force: Force of attraction or repulsion exerted by a magnet.
- Gravity: Usually defined as the force of attraction between two masses.
- Equilibrium: A state of rest or balance due to opposite forces acting equally.
Types of Energy, Law of Conservation, Energy Transformations Section
- Energy: Anything that has the ability to make matter move or change. The ability to do work.
- Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy changes from one form to another. The total energy of an object never changes.
- Energy Transformation: The process of changing energy from one form to another
- Potential Energy: Energy that is stored in a system. It is energy that can be released to become kinetic or another form of energy.
- Kinetic Energy: The energy an object has because of its motion. Kinetic energy depends upon the mass and velocity of an object.
- Mechanical Energy: The energy an object has because of its motion or position (i.e. The total amount of kinetic and potential energy in a system)
- Electrical Energy: Energy caused by the movement of charged particles (Electrons). Easily transported through power lines and can be converted to other forms of energy.
- Chemical Energy: Energy that is available for release from chemical reactions.
- Nuclear Energy: Energy that is stored in the nucleus of an atom.
- Green Energy: Energy that comes from sources that do not pollute the earth.
- Thermal Energy: The energy a substance has related to its temperature. The faster molecules move the more thermal energy they create. In every energy transfer – some energy is changed to thermal or heat energy.
- Radiant Energy: The form of energy related to the movement of light, electromagnetic waves, or particles.
- Sound Energy: Energy created by the vibration of a material
Simple Machines, Mechanical Advantage, Efficiency Section
Electrical Circuits Section
- Work: the use of force to move an object. The amount of work done depends on the amount of force exerted and the distance the object traveled.
- Force: A push or a pull
- Simple Machine: A device that helps make work easier to perform
- Inclined Plane: a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other
- Pulley: a wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes. It acts to change the direction of a force applied to the cord and is mainly used to raise heavy weights
- Lever: A rigid bar resting on a pivot, used to help move a heavy or firmly fixed load with one end when pressure is applied to the other
- Wheel and Axle: a simple machine consisting of a rope that unwinds from a wheel onto a cylindrical drum or shaft joined to the wheel to provide mechanical advantage.
- Screw: modified version of the inclined plane. Threads of the screw are like a type of circular ramp (or inclined plane).
- Wedge: a triangular shaped tool, and is a portable inclined plane
- Mechanical Advantage: how many times more force you get out of a simple machine
Electrical Circuits Section
- Series Circuit: current travels in a single path from negative to positive.
- Parallel Circuit: current travels in multiple paths from negative to positive